Forecasting wafer defects using frequency domain analysis

ABSTRACT

Defect information obtained from a test wafer is received. The test wafer was fabricated according to an Integrated Circuit (IC) design layout. A plurality of first regions of interest (ROIs) is received based on the defect information. The first ROIs each correspond to a region of the IC design layout where a wafer defect has occurred. A frequency domain analysis is performed for the first ROIs. A wafer defect probability is forecast for the IC design layout based at least in part on the frequency domain analysis.

PRIORITY DATA

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/042,468, filed Jul. 23, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/386,818, filed Dec. 21, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No.10,031,997, issued Jul. 24, 2018, which claims benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/427,557, filed Nov. 29, 2016, all ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry has experienced rapidgrowth. Technological advances in IC materials and design have producedgenerations of ICs where each generation has smaller and more complexcircuits than the previous generation. However, these advances haveincreased the complexity of processing and manufacturing ICs and, forthese advances to be realized, similar developments in IC processing andmanufacturing are needed. In the course of integrated circuit evolution,functional density (i.e., the number of interconnected devices per chiparea) has generally increased while geometry size (i.e., the smallestcomponent (or line) that can be created using a fabrication process) hasdecreased.

Part of the challenge of semiconductor fabrication is how to accuratelyand efficiently forecast defects. After lithography masks are producedaccording to an IC design layout, test wafers may be produced, and thenwafer defects are identified based on the test wafer. These waferdefects can be traced back to the IC layout, which may be used topredict potential wafer defect locations during mass production. Knowingthe location and/or type of these wafer defects ahead of mass productionallows corrective measures to be taken to fix the problems that lead tothe defects, which will help prevent device failures, improve yield, andreduce costs. However, existing methods of identifying defects andforecasting wafer defect locations are not very effective or accurateyet. For example, conventional wafer defect forecasting methods maystill involve too much “guess work.”

Therefore, while existing defect identification and forecasting in ICfabrication have been generally adequate for their intended purposes,they have not been entirely satisfactory in every aspect.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present disclosure is best understood from the following detaileddescription when read with the accompanying figures. It is emphasizedthat, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, variousfeatures are not drawn to scale and are used for illustration purposesonly. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarilyincreased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1 illustrates a process flow of forecasting wafer defects accordingto various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates binary layout image of two simplified regions ofinterest (ROI) according to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 3 illustrates the relationship between a “larger” ROI and a“smaller” ROI according to various embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a process of constructing weighted ROI imagesaccording to various embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates a flow chart of a method of forecasting wafer defectsin accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates a machine that is configured to perform the waferdefect forecasting in accordance with embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is understood that the following disclosure provides many differentembodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of thepresent disclosure. Specific examples of components and arrangements aredescribed below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, ofcourse, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. Forexample, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature inthe description that follows may include embodiments in which the firstand second features are formed in direct contact, and may also includeembodiments in which additional features may be formed between the firstand second features, such that the first and second features may not bein direct contact. In addition, the present disclosure may repeatreference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. Thisrepetition is for the sake of simplicity and clarity and does not initself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/orconfigurations discussed. Moreover, various features may be arbitrarilydrawn in different scales for the sake of simplicity and clarity.

Further, spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,”“above,” “upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease ofdescription to describe one element or feature's relationship to anotherelement(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. The spatiallyrelative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of thedevice in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted inthe figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over,elements described as being “below” or “beneath” other elements orfeatures would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features.Thus, the exemplary term “below” can encompass both an orientation ofabove and below. The apparatus may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptorsused herein may likewise be interpreted accordingly.

After a semiconductor device such as an integrated circuit has beendesigned, layout engineers will generate an IC layout (also referred toas IC layout design or IC layout plan) of the integrated circuit. The IClayout may contain a plurality of different layout layers that eachcontain a plurality of semiconductor features. These semiconductorfeatures may include transistors, metal lines, vias, capacitors,inductors, diodes, or other microelectronic components that need tofunction correctly for the IC to operate in a desired manner. In someembodiments, the IC layout is in the form of a Graphic Database System(GDS) file, which is a binary format file that represents various planarshapes (e.g., IC features), text labels, or other information about theIC layout in a hierarchical form. The IC layout is then patterned ontoone or more blank reticles, so that the patterned reticle can be used inphotolithography processes later to transfer the IC layout onto asemiconductor wafer. The patterned reticles are also referred to as ICmasks.

Before mass production begins, a test wafer may be manufacturedaccording to the IC masks. Defects are then identified from the testwafer, and images may be taken for the defects. Based on these defectimages, semiconductor fabrication engineers will attempt to determinewhich areas of the IC design layout are likely to be problematic (e.g.,containing a lot of defects). These defect-prone areas may be referredto as a defect minefield. However, forecasting defect minefields havenot been easy using existing methods. Often times, engineers employ atrial-and-error approach—which involves a great amount of guesswork—togo through numerous regions of interest (ROI) in an IC layout to performthe defect minefield forecasting. Not only is this time-consuming, it isalso inaccurate. Thus, conventional wafer defect forecasting needs to beimproved.

The present disclosure overcomes these problems by conducting afrequency domain analysis on the wafer defect images. Based on thefrequency domain analysis, principal components are identified andextracted based on their magnitude alone (and not including phase). Thisallows engineers to disregard things such as rotation of the IC layoutpatterns and/or locational offsets, which should be considered noise andshould be filtered out. Thus, the frequency domain analysis can be usedto characterize one or more a plurality of regions of interest (ROIs)corresponding to a type of wafer defect. The IC layout is also dividedinto a plurality of ROIs, and each of the ROIs is also analyzed in thefrequency domain and then compared with the results of the frequencydomain analysis used to characterize the wafer defect. Using a ModifiedNaive-Bayes classifier, the present disclosure can effectively forecastthe probability that each ROI may contain a defect. If a particular ROIis then determined to be a defect-heavy minefield, that ROI can beexamined/analyzed in detail further, and the layout design may betweaked to minimize the occurrence of defects. The various aspects ofthe present disclosure are now discussed below in more detail withreference to FIGS. 1-6.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a process flow 100 of forecasting wafer defectsis illustrated. The process flow 100 includes a training section 100Aand an examination section 100B. The purpose of the training section100A is to identify one or more common characteristics of ROIs that allcontain the same defect(s). Once these common characteristics areidentified, they can be used to examine different ROIs in an IC designlayout in the examination section 100B. The purpose of the examinationsection 100B is to identify the defect minefields and to forecast theprobability that any particular type of defect is likely to occur withinany of the examined ROIs.

At the start of the training section 100A, a step 105 is performed, inwhich wafer defect information is received. For example, a test wafermay be manufactured according to the IC layout design. Defectinformation is then obtained from the manufactured test wafer, forexample by taking images (e.g., via a scanning electron microscope) ofthe test wafer and examining the images.

The results of the step 105 may be sent to the step 110. In step 110, aplurality of ROIs 120 is received. The ROIs 120 may be defined (e.g.,the sizes of the ROIs 120) based on the wafer defect informationobtained in step 105. The ROIs 120 are also sorted into differentgroups. Within each group, the ROIs 120 share enough similarities suchthat they may be considered to be related, in the sense that they mayshare a common defect feature.

For example, referring to FIG. 2, the binary layout image of twosimplified ROIs 120A and 120B are illustrated. The ROI 120A contains IClayout patterns 121A (e.g., a plurality of rectangular features), 122A(a rounded feature), and 123A (an elongated feature). The ROI 120Bcontain IC layout patterns 121B, 122B, and 123B that substantiallycorrespond to the IC layout patterns 121A, 122A, and 123A, respectively.However, the locations of the IC layout patterns 121B/122B/123B areshifted with respect to the IC layout patterns 121A/122A/123A. Thelocations/boundaries of the IC layout patterns 121B/122B/123B areillustrated as broken lines in the ROI 120B for an easy visualcomparison of the differences between the ROIs 120A and 120B.

Due to the locational offsets of the various IC layout patterns121B/122B/123B, conventional methods may not consider the ROI 120B to berelated to (or correlated with) the ROI 120A. One reason is that theconventional methods typically only perform an image-based comparison tosee if the features/patterns in the two ROIs match up. By doing so,conventional methods may conclude (incorrectly) that the ROI 120B isquite different from the ROI 120A, since their image patterns do notmatch up exactly.

However, the present disclosure recognizes that the locational offsetsbetween the various IC layout patterns should not affect the correlationbetween different ROIs much. In the illustrated example shown in FIG. 2,the ROIs 120A and 120B include substantially similar IC layout patterns,and the relative locational offsets between these IC layout patterns donot mean that the ROIs 120A and 120B are unrelated to one another. Thus,the present disclosure still considers these ROIs 120A and 120B tobelong to the same group of ROIs. In some embodiments, the grouping ofcommon ROIs may be performed using a technique known as Process WindowQualification (PWQ). This may involve using a wafer inspection tool toinspect a plurality of spots (e.g., a million spots), and then using aninspection software hotspot pattern analysis (HPA) tool to complete thegrouping of the ROIs.

Once the ROIs 120 are grouped into a plurality of subsets, within anygiven group (or subset) of ROIs 120, it may be said that a commoncharacteristic of a wafer defect may be determined based on a frequencydomain analysis, which will be discussed in more detail below.

Referring back to FIG. 1, the ROIs 120 in the illustrated embodiment arein the form of squares. Each side of the square has a size L. Comparedto conventional ROIs, the size L may be significantly larger. In someembodiments, L is in a range between 0.7 microns (um) and 3 microns. Thereason that the ROIs 120 can have the larger size L is also because thepresent disclosure characterizes the ROIs 120 via a frequency domainanalysis, rather than just an image-based comparison (done inconventional wafer defect forecasting).

In more detail, setting the size of ROIs is often times tricky usingconventional methods. On the one hand, setting a larger ROI size meansthat too much background (and irrelevant) IC pattern information maycome in, and thus it may be more difficult to find an exact matchbetween the different ROI images. In addition, many ROIs that should beconsidered related to one another (such as the ROIs 120A and 120Bdiscussed above with reference to FIG. 2) would not have yielded amatch. On the other hand, setting a smaller ROI size means that theimage-based template matching process would yield too many matches. Whatto do with these matches would be a time consuming and cumbersomeprocess. This is often the dilemma facing the conventional defectforecasting processes. As such, it may be said that the image-basedtemplate matching technique used in conventional methods is not optimalin wafer defect forecasting.

In comparison, the present disclosure uses frequency domain informationto determine the ROI matching, which allows the ROI size to be setrelatively large. Referring back to FIG. 1, the frequency domainanalysis is done in a step 130 of the training section 100A to transformthe layout information contained in the ROIs 120 into information in thefrequency domain. In more detail, the step 130 performs a FourierTransform, for example a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in sub-step130A. The sub-step 130A is performed using a given group of ROIs 120 asits input. For example, the IC layout information included in the groupof ROIs (that are deemed to be related, such as the ROIs 120A and 120Bdiscussed above) is sent as input for the step 130A.

The Fourier Transform produces the frequency domain information for eachof the ROIs 120 that was sent as the input. For example, it reveals thedistribution of spatial frequency associated with the ROI that isprocessed. As shown in FIG. 1, the frequency domain information includesa magnitude component 140 and a phase component 141. The magnitudecomponent 140 holds the information of “frequency distribution”. Forexample, the magnitude component 140 may correspond to the shapes andsizes of the various IC layout patterns in each ROI. In comparison, thephase component 141 holds the information of “position in spacecoordinate.” For example, the phase component may correspond to thelocations of the various IC layout patterns. As discussed above withreference to FIG. 2, the relative locations of the IC layout patternsshould not be a meaningful consideration in determining defects. Assuch, the phase component 141 produced by the sub-step 130A isdisregarded, at least temporarily. The phase component 141 may be usedlater for a back projection process to reconstruct a weighted sonarimage of the ROI, and this will be discussed below in more detail.

Meanwhile, the magnitude component 140 is processed in sub-step 130B ofthe step 130 as a part of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA is astatistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to converta set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set ofvalues of linearly uncorrelated variables, which are called principalcomponents. The number of principal components is less than or equal tothe number of original variables. This transformation is defined in sucha way that the first principal component has the largest possiblevariance (that is, accounts for as much of the variability in the dataas possible), and each succeeding component in turn has the highestvariance possible under the constraint that it is orthogonal to thepreceding components. The resulting vectors are an uncorrelatedorthogonal basis set.

In some embodiments, the PCA may be performed using compute code, suchas using MATLAB code. For example, suppose there are two ROIs A and B(as training images). The PCA may include the following:

freq.spectra of ROIs: FreqDataMatrix=[A B], where A=transpose([a1 a2 a3. . . ]), B=transpose([b1 b2 b3 . . . ]). [u s v]=SVD(FreqDataMatrix),where SVD stands for “singular value decomposition”, which is a way todo PCA. The principal components will land on “u”. Now, the ROIs A and Bmay be described using the new principal components as follows:A=FV_A*PCB=FV_B*PCwhere PC is the principal component, and where FV_A is a feature vectorfor A (in other words, the coefficient of the principal component forROI A), and where FV_B is a feature vector for B (in other words, thecoefficient of the principal component for ROI B).

Thus, the result of the PCA performed in sub-step 130B may include aprincipal component (PC) and a feature vector (FV). This resultrepresents the frequency domain information of the selected group ofROIs 120. Alternatively stated, the selected group of ROIs 120 may bedescribed or characterized with the PC and the FV obtained as a resultof the sub-step 130B. In this manner, the PC and FV obtained for anygiven group of ROIs 120 may be used later (in the examination section100B discussed below) as a template ROI to help identify other similarROIs in the IC design layout.

In some embodiments, the principal discrete frequency components of allROIs 120 are extracted. The number of principal components may be in arange between 1 and 4, for example.

It is understood that the process 130 discussed above may be repeatedfor a plurality of different groups of ROIs 120. For example, supposethat based on the test wafer defect analysis, 10 different types ofdefects are identified. Each type of defect may be associated with adifferent group of ROIs 120, where within each given group of ROIs,there may be any number of individual ROIs that are related/correlatedwith one another. The step 130 may be repeated 10 different times toproduce 10 different sets of PCs and FVs, where each different set of PCand FV represents the frequency domain information of the correspondinggroup of ROIs. Each set of PC and FV will then be used (in theexamination section 100B discussed below) to compare against a pluralityof ROIs, in order to determine whether the corresponding type of defectis likely to occur within the ROI.

Although the present disclosure focuses on obtaining the frequencydomain information of ROIs, an image-based comparison may also be usedto aid the defect probability calculation. As a part of the image-basedcomparison process, a “smaller” ROI (also referred to as a “template”)is obtained first. For example, as a part of the training section 100A,a step 150 is performed to obtain a common ROI 160 (i.e., the template),for each group of ROIs 120. The common ROI or template 160 is a smallersubsection of the “larger” ROI 120.

An example of the relationship between the “larger” ROI 120 and the“smaller” ROI 160 is visually illustrated in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, the“larger” ROI 120 includes a plurality of IC layout patterns. A defect170 is disposed near or adjacent to some of the IC layout patterns.Thus, a smaller “template” 160 can be extracted from the larger ROI 120,where the template 160 includes just the IC layout patterns near thedefect 170. It can be seen that the defect 170 is located near a centerof both the “larger” ROI 120 and the “smaller” ROI (or template) 160.The smaller ROI 170 may have a dimension W. In some embodiments, W is ina range between 0.3 microns and 0.7 microns, for example 0.5 microns.The larger ROI 120 may have a dimension L, which as discussed above, islarger than W and smaller than 3 microns. Thus, it can be seen that thelarger ROI 120 is at least several times as large as the smaller ROI160, since 0.3 microns≤W≤0.7 microns, and W≤L≤3 microns.

Returning to FIG. 1, it is understood that the smaller 160 will be usedto perform an image-based comparison with the ROIs of an IC designlayout, to help forecast the defect probability within any given ROI.

Based on the discussions above, it can be seen that the completion ofthe step 130 in the training section 100A yields the frequency domaininformation (e.g., in the form of the PC and the FV) of a group of“larger” ROIs 120 as a first result, and the completion of the step 150in the training section 100A yields the “smaller” ROI (or template) as asecond result. These results are now compared with ROIs in theexamination section 100B.

In more detail, at the beginning of the examination (“Examinationprocedures start here” in FIG. 1), a step 210 of the examination section100B identifies a plurality of ROIs 220 to be examined. The ROIs 220 maybe obtained by dividing the IC design layout into a plurality ofregions, where each region corresponds to a different one of the ROIs220. In some embodiments, the ROIs 220 have the same sizes or dimensionsas the ROIs 120. For example, the ROIs 220 may each have the dimension L(as the ROIs 120), which as discussed above is in a range between W and3 microns.

A frequency domain analysis is also performed to the ROIs 220. Forexample, the ROIs 220 may each undergo a DFT process 230A, which issimilar to the DFT process 130A discussed above. As a result of the DFTprocess 230A for each ROI 220, the frequency domain information for thatROI 220 is obtained. Again, the frequency domain information may includea magnitude component and a phase component (similar to the magnitudecomponent 140 and the phase component 141). The phase component is setaside, while the magnitude component undergoes a PCA process 230B, whichis similar to the PCA process 130B discussed above. As a result, aprincipal component (PC) and a feature vector (FV) are generated foreach of the ROIs 220.

In a step 240 of the examination section 100B, a similarity between thefrequency domain information of the ROIs 120 and the frequency domaininformation of the ROIs 220 is determined. In some embodiments, the step240 may include computing the similarity between the PC and the FVobtained from the step 130B (e.g., the PC and FV of ROIs 120), with thePC and the FV obtained from the step 230B (e.g., the PC and FV of ROIs220). This computing step may be performed by calculating a cosinesimilarity, for example. If the calculation yields a negative valuebelow 0, then a value of 0 is used instead for the similarity. If thecalculation yields a positive value above 0 (for example between 0 and1), then that positive value between 0 and 1 is used for the similarity.This result of the step 240 will be used to forecast the defectprobability in any given ROI 220, as will be discussed below in moredetail.

In addition to determining the similarity between the ROIs 120 and 220,the examination section 100B also performs an image-based matchingprocess. In more detail, a step 250 is performed to obtain an ROI 260(i.e., a template), for each of the ROIs 220. Similar to the ROI 160discussed above, the ROI or template 260 is a smaller subsection of the“larger” ROI 220. In some embodiments, the dimensions of the ROI 260 arethe same as the dimensions of the ROI 160. The ROI 260 is then comparedwith the ROI 160 in an image-based template matching process 280. Forexample, the IC layout patterns contained in the ROI 260 are comparedwith the IC layout patterns contained in the ROI 160.

It is understood that the process 280 is not a frequency-domain-basedanalysis (unlike the processes in step 130, for example), but rather acomparison of the two-dimensional planar view of the IC layout patternsthemselves. In some embodiments, the image-based template matchingprocess 280 compares the image pixels in the ROI 160 with the imagepixels in the ROI 260. The image-based template matching process 280will yield a binary value of either 0 (i.e., not matched) or 1 (i.e.,matched). The matching result (i.e., 0 or 1) of the process 280 willalso be used to help forecast the defect probability in any given ROI220.

Lastly, the examination section 100B includes a step 300 to forecast thedefect probability of any given ROI 220 of the IC layout design. In someembodiments, the step 300 is performed using a modified Naive BayesClassifier. Naive Bayes is a technique for constructing classifiers:models that assign class labels to problem instances, represented asvectors of feature values, where the class labels are drawn from somefinite set. It includes algorithms based on a common principle: allnaive Bayes classifiers assume that the value of a particular feature isindependent of the value of any other feature, given the class variable.Abstractly, naive Bayes is a conditional probability model: given aproblem instance to be classified, represented by a vector X=(x₁, x . .. , x_(n)) representing some n features (independent variables), itassigns to this instance probabilities: p(C_(k)|x₁, x . . . , x_(n)) foreach of K possible outcomes or classes C_(k).

According to the present disclosure, the Naive Bayes Classifier isexpressed as follows:

$\left. {P\left( {Y❘X} \right)}\rightarrow{\underset{\underset{{freq}.{sim}}{︸}}{P\left( {f_{1}❘Y} \right)}\mspace{11mu}\underset{\underset{{img}.{sim}}{︸}}{P\left( {f_{2}❘Y} \right)}\mspace{14mu}\ldots\mspace{14mu}{\underset{\underset{{defect}\;.{dist}}{︸}}{P(Y)}.}} \right.$where X represents the ROI on the IC design layout to be examined (e.g.,the frequency domain analysis result of the ROI 220), Y represents theoccurrence of a wafer defect, f₁ represents the similarity computedbetween the frequency domain analysis results of the ROIs 120 and 220,and f₂ represents the matching result between the image-based templatematching between the ROIs 160 and 260.

The output of the steps 240 and 280 are sent as inputs to the step 300.Specifically, the output of the step 240 (the computed similaritybetween the PC and FV of the ROIs 120 and 220) is sent as the input to acomponent 310 of the step 300, and the output of the step 280 (thematching similarity between the images of ROI 160 and 260) is sent asthe input to a component 320 of the step 300.

As discussed above, the output of the step 240 is a value between 0 and1 (i.e., a percentage). Thus, the component 310 determines that, giventhe degree of similarity between a given ROI 220 (being examined) andthe ROIs 120 (corresponding to a particular type of defect), how likelyis that defect to occur in the ROI 220? Again, the similarity comparisonwas performed in the frequency domain, which eliminates things such asrotations of the layout patterns, insignificant locational offsetsbetween the layout patterns, or other insignificant background noise,etc. The frequency domain analysis results (e.g., the PC and FV) revealthe truly meaningful aspects of the layout patterns in terms of theircontribution to wafer defects.

Meanwhile, the output of the step 280 is a binary value between 0 and 1.This is saying that if the ROI 260 can't even match with thesmall-scaled ROI 160—which is a small scale image matching—then theircorresponding larger ROIs 220 and 120 should not be considered matcheseither. Thus, even if the computed similarity in step 240 is high(e.g., >90%), a binary value of 0 for the step 280 (total mismatchbetween the images) will still indicate that the ROI 220 should not beconsidered to be a match for the ROIs 120. In other words, thelikelihood of the type of defect corresponding to the ROIs 120 isunlikely to occur in the ROI 220 being examined. On the other hand, ifthe result of the step 280 is a 1—meaning that the ROI 260 fully matchesthe ROI 160—then the computed frequency domain similarity between theROIs 220 and 120 will be meaningful in forecasting a wafer defectprobability in the ROI 220. For example, if the result of the step 280is a 1, and the frequency domain similarity computed in step 240 is 80%,then it can be said that there is an 80% probability that the type ofwafer defect corresponding to the ROIs 120 will occur in the ROI 220being examined.

Another component of the Naive Bayes Classifier in step 300 is thecomponent 330. The component 330 receives the wafer defect distributiondata as an input. The wafer defect distribution data is gathered fromthe step 105 of receiving wafer defect information. Alternatively, thecomponent 330 may be set to always be equal to 1 in some embodiments.

Based on the Naive Bayes Classifier analysis performed in step 300, awafer defect numerical probability for each type of wafer defect can beforecast or predicted for a given ROI. By repeating the processesdiscussed above a number of times, the present disclosure can forecastthe defect probability for all types of identified defects, and for theentire IC layout design. For example, assuming that 20 types of waferdefects are identified (meaning 20 different types of groupings of theROIs 120), and that the entire IC layout design has been divided into3000 different ROIs 220. In that hypothetical scenario, each of the 20different groups of ROIs (that each correspond to an identified waferdefect) undergoes the frequency domain analysis in the training section100A to determine what the frequency domain representation of each typeof defect looks like. The 3000 ROIs 220 will each be compared to thisfrequency domain representation of a specific type of defect to see whatthe probability is for that defect to occur on each ROI 220. As such,there may be 20×3000=60000 frequency domain comparisons in this example.The image-based template comparison is performed in a similar manner.

With these results, the Naive Bayes Classifier in step 300 can predictthe numerical probability that a particular type of defect (e.g., defecttype number 5 out of the 20 types of defects) will occur for any one ofthe 3000 ROIs 120 (e.g., ROI number 1732). Once a particular ROI 220 isidentified as having a high probability of a wafer defect occurrence, itmay be deemed a “defect minefield”, and additional diagnoses andremedial measures may be taken to try to identify and fix the problemsthat may cause the defect. For example, the IC design layout may berevised (e.g., by placing components differently or rerouting certaincomponents), or OPC (optical proximity correction) may be used tominimize the likelihood of defect occurrence.

It is understood that the present disclosure also allows for theconstruction of a weighted image, where the pixels of the image are eachweighted in terms of its importance in causing (or being related to) thedefect. This is done through a back projection process 400, whichinvolves using an inverse DFT process to perform a principal patternreconstruction. As a result, a weighted image 420 is produced thatallows for visualization with pixel-probability.

In more detail, the present disclosure recognizes that not every “spot”of the IC design layout is equally as important in causing waferdefects. Translated into images, that means that not every pixel of anROI image is equally as important in its correlation with defectoccurrence within that ROI. An image pixel X located in one area of anROI may have a higher probability of causing wafer defects than anotherimage pixel Y located in a different area of the ROI. It would bedesirable to generate a “heat map”, or a “sonar image”, where each imagepixel is weighted visually to indicate their respective probability incausing the wafer defects.

The present disclosure constructs such weighted images at least in partby using an inverse DFT process. FIG. 4 helps visually illustrate thisimage construction process. As examples, FIG. 4 shows two images 500 and501 that represent two different simple ROIs. The images 500-501 areblack-and-white images, which means that the various layout patterns(e.g., patterns that have shapes resembling polygons, circles, etc.)contained in these images 500-501 are either black in color or white incolor. In a grayscale spectrum (ranging from pixel values from 0 to 255,for example), the white pixels each have a value of 255, and the blackpixels each have a value of 0.

The images 500-501 are each processed by undergoing a DFT. As discussedabove, the DFT result includes magnitudes and phase components. Themagnitude components are illustrated in FIG. 4 as magnitude components510 and 511 in the frequency domain. The phase components are set aside,while the magnitude components then undergo a PCA process to obtain aprincipal component in the frequency domain, which is visuallyrepresented as element 520 in FIG. 4.

The back projection process is then performed. In the back projectionprocess, an inverse DFT process is performed to the principal component520 in the frequency domain. This inverse DFT process should produce animage comprising pixels. This image has not taken into account of thephase information yet, so the pixels are not weighted. To properly weighthe pixels, the phase components corresponding to the different images500-501 are added back in to the images, thereby generating images530-531 that have the weighted image pixels.

In the grayscale ranging from 0-255 in values, as the pixel'sprobability of being correlated with the wafer defect increases, thegrayscale value of that pixel increases too. For example, an image pixelhaving a value close to 255 is deemed highly likely to be correlatedwith the wafer defect (or is important in causing the defect), whereasanother image pixel having a value close to 0 is deemed unlikely to becorrelated with the wafer defect. Thus, the weighted images 530-531allows for a quick visual inspection of a given ROI to identify what theproblem areas are. Thus, although the construction of the weightedimages 530-531 is not required to forecast the wafer defect probability,it does help in diagnosing and correcting the problems that could causethe wafer defect.

Based on the above discussions, it can be seen that the presentdisclosure offers advantages over conventional systems and methods offorecasting wafer defects. It is understood, however, that otherembodiments may offer additional advantages, and not all advantages arenecessarily disclosed herein, and that no particular advantage isrequired for all embodiments.

One advantage is the present disclosure offers a systematic andscientific way to accurately forecast the wafer defects. Conventionalwafer defect forecasting processes are typically image-based, which isslow and involves a lot of “guess work.” In comparison, the presentdisclosure uses frequency domain analysis to filter out the “noise” andidentify the truly important characteristics of the ROIs that correspondto wafer defects. The different regions of an IC design layout—eachcorresponding to an ROI—is then compared with the ROI that has beenidentified as containing wafer defects, so as to systematically gothrough each ROI to determine the probability of wafer defect occurrencetherein. This process involves no guess work and is therefore accurateand reliable.

Another advantage is that the ROIs can be made to be bigger than inprevious forecasting methods. As discussed above, conventional waferdefect forecasting is done using image-based comparisons. If an ROI ismade to be big, then it is difficult to find a match—other ROIs thatshould be considered matches are incorrectly filtered out due toirrelevant background environmental information not matching up betweenthe ROIs, or due to locational offsets or rotations between the patternsin the ROIs. The present disclosure does not have this problem, becausethe information regarding the ROIs are transformed in the frequencydomain, and principal component analysis is also performed on themagnitude portion (but not the phase portion) of the frequency domaininformation, so as to identify the dominant characteristics of the ROIs.Thus, the ROIs can be made to be big, since the irrelevant backgroundenvironmental information (considered noise) can be filtered out.Similarly, the locational displacements and rotations of the patternsalso can be filtered out, since they will not impact thefrequency-domain based analysis discussed in the present disclosure.

Yet another advantage is the construction of the weighted image toprovide a visual landscape of the problematic layout areas. For example,in the back projection process discussed above, an image correspondingto an ROI can be generated, where each pixel is weighted (e.g., in agrayscale) according to its importance in causing the wafer defect. Whenthe weighted image is viewed as a whole, the defect hotspots can bequickly identified just by visual inspection, and then subsequentremedial measures may be taken to address the problems that cause thewafer defect.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 700 for forecasting wafer defects inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method700 includes a step 710 of receiving defect information obtained from atest wafer. The test wafer was fabricated according to an IntegratedCircuit (IC) design layout.

The method 700 includes a step 720 of receiving one or more firstregions of interest (ROIs) based on the defect information. The one ormore first ROIs each correspond to a region of the IC design layoutwhere a wafer defect has occurred.

The method 700 includes a step 730 of performing a first frequencydomain analysis for the one or more first ROIs.

The method 700 includes a step 740 of obtaining a first result based onthe first frequency domain analysis.

The method 700 includes a step 750 of performing a second frequencydomain analysis for one or more second ROIs. The one or more second ROIseach correspond to a region of the IC design layout to be examined for awafer defect probability.

The method 700 includes a step 760 of obtaining a second result based onthe second frequency domain analysis.

The method 700 includes a step 770 of determining a similarity betweenthe first result and the second result.

The method 700 includes a step 780 of forecasting, based on thedetermining and using a Naive Bayes Classification technique, a defectprobability for the one or more second ROIs.

In some embodiments, the performing of the first frequency domainanalysis and the performing of the second frequency domain analysis eachcomprises: performing a Discrete Fourier Transform to generate bothmagnitude information and phase information; performing a PrincipalComponent Analysis (PCA) using the magnitude information but not thephase information; and extracting, based on the PCA, a first principalcomponent and a first feature vector as the first result and a secondprincipal component and a second feature vector as the second result.

It is understood that additional process steps may be performed before,during, or after the steps 710-780 discussed above to complete thefabrication of the semiconductor device. For example, the method 700 mayfurther include a step of, before the forecasting: receiving a pluralityof third ROIs based on the defect information. Each of the third ROIscorresponds to a selected area of a respective one of the first ROIs. Animage-based matching process is then performed between the first ROIsand one or more fourth ROIs. Each of the one or more fourth ROIscorresponds to a selected area of a respective one of the second ROIs.The forecasting is performed at least in part based on the image-basedmatching process. In some embodiments, the forecasting is furtherperformed at least part based on the received defect information. Insome embodiments, each of the first ROIs has a same size as each of thesecond ROIs, and each of the third ROIs has a same size as each of thefourth ROIs. As another example, the method 700 may further include astep of: generating, at least in part by performing an inverse DiscreteFourier Transform (DFT), a weighted image corresponding to one of thefirst ROIs. The weighted image contains a plurality of pixels eachweighted based on its correlation with the wafer defect. Other processsteps are not discussed herein for reasons of simplicity.

FIG. 6 is a simplified diagrammatic view of a system 800 for performingthe various steps of the present disclosure (e.g., frequency domainanalysis and wafer defect forecasting) as discussed above with referenceto FIGS. 1-5. In some embodiments, the system 800 is a machine thatincludes a non-transitory computer-readable medium, for example a memorystorage component 810, that stores executable programming instructions.The system 800 may also include a processor component 820 that executesthe executable programming instructions stored in the memory storagecomponent 810. The executed instructions allow the processor component820 to forecast wafer defects, for example according to the method 700discussed above in FIG. 5.

One aspect of the present disclosure involves a method of forecastingwafer defects. Defect information obtained from a test wafer isreceived. The test wafer was fabricated according to an IntegratedCircuit (IC) design layout. A plurality of first regions of interest(ROIs) is received based on the defect information. The first ROIs eachcorrespond to a region of the IC design layout where a wafer defect hasoccurred. A frequency domain analysis is performed for the first ROIs. Awafer defect probability is forecast for the IC design layout based atleast in part on the frequency domain analysis.

Another aspect of the present disclosure involves a method offorecasting wafer defects. Defect information obtained from a test waferis received. The test wafer was fabricated according to an IntegratedCircuit (IC) design layout. One or more first regions of interest (ROIs)is received based on the defect information. The one or more first ROIseach correspond to a region of the IC design layout where a wafer defecthas occurred. A first frequency domain analysis is performed for the oneor more first ROIs. A first result is obtained based on the firstfrequency domain analysis. A second frequency domain analysis isperformed for one or more second ROIs, wherein the one or more secondROIs each correspond to a region of the IC design layout to be examinedfor a wafer defect probability. A second result is obtained based on thesecond frequency domain analysis. A similarity between the first resultand the second result is determined. Based on the determining and usinga Naive Bayes Classification technique, a defect probability is forecastfor the one or more second ROIs.

Another aspect of the present disclosure involves a method forforecasting wafer defects. Defect information is obtained from a testwafer is received. The test wafer was fabricated according to anIntegrated Circuit (IC) design layout. One or more first regions ofinterest (ROIs) is received based on the defect information. The one ormore first ROIs each correspond to a region of the IC design layoutwhere a wafer defect has occurred. A first frequency domain analysis isperformed for the one or more first ROIs. The first frequency domainanalysis comprises a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and a PrincipalComponent Analysis (PCA). A first principal component and a firstfeature vector are obtained as a result of the first frequency domainanalysis. A second frequency domain analysis is performed for one ormore second ROIs. The one or more second ROIs each correspond to aregion of the IC design layout to be examined for a wafer defectprobability. The first frequency domain analysis also comprises the DFTand the PCA. A second principal component and a second feature vectorare obtained as a result of the second frequency domain analysis. Asimilarity is computed between the first and second principal componentsand the first and second feature vectors. Based on the computedsimilarity, a defect probability is forecast for the one or more secondROIs. The forecasting is performed at least in part using a Naive BayesClassification technique.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that thoseskilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the presentdisclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they mayreadily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifyingother processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/orachieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein.Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalentconstructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the presentdisclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, andalterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of thepresent disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: performing a trainingprocess, the training process including: accessing wafer defectinformation of a wafer that has undergone semiconductor fabrication;identifying, based on the accessing of the wafer defect information, oneor more first regions of interest (ROIs) that contain one or more samedefects as one another; and determining a first characteristic that iscommon to all the first ROIs; and performing an examination process onan integrated circuit (IC) design layout of the wafer, wherein theperforming the examination process comprises: dividing the IC designlayout into a plurality of second ROIs; determining a secondcharacteristic of each of the second ROIs; comparing the firstcharacteristic with the second characteristic for each of the secondROIs; and evaluating, based on the comparing, a probability of anoccurrence of the one or more same defects within each of the secondROIs.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the evaluating is performed atleast in part using a Naive Bayes technique.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein each of the second ROIs has a same size as each of the firstROIs.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first characteristic and thesecond characteristic each contain frequency domain information.
 5. Themethod of claim 4, further comprising: performing a Discrete FourierTransform to the first ROIs and the second ROIs to obtain the frequencydomain information.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the determiningthe first characteristic comprises determining a first magnitudecomponent and a first phase component of a first frequency domaininformation of the first ROIs; the determining the second characteristiccomprises determining a second magnitude component and a second phasecomponent of a second frequency domain information of the second ROIs;and the comparing comprises comparing a similarity between the firstmagnitude component and the second magnitude component.
 7. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the comparing is performed without using the firstphase component or the second phase component.
 8. The method of claim 6,wherein the comparing comprises calculating a cosine similarity.
 9. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the first magnitude component and the secondmagnitude component each include a respective principal component (PC)and a respective feature vector (FV).
 10. A method, comprising:identifying, based on wafer defect information corresponding to afabricated wafer, a plurality of first regions, wherein one or more samedefects occurred on each of the first regions; determining a firstcharacteristic for the first regions; dividing an integrated circuit(IC) design layout of the wafer into a plurality of second regions;determining a second characteristic for the second regions; comparingthe first characteristic with the second characteristic; and predicting,based on the comparing, a probability of occurrence of defects forwafers to be fabricated according to the IC design layout.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the dividing is performed such that each ofthe second regions has a same size as each of the first regions.
 12. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the predicting comprises predicting theprobability of occurrence of defects in each of the second regions. 13.The method of claim 10, wherein: the determining the firstcharacteristic comprises determining a first magnitude portion of afrequency domain information of the first regions; the determining thesecond characteristic comprises determining a second magnitude portionof a frequency domain information of the second regions; and thecomparing comprises comparing the first magnitude portion with thesecond magnitude portion.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein thepredicting is performed at least in part using a Naive Bayes conditionalprobability model.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the wafer is afirst wafer, and wherein the evaluating is performed for one or moresecond wafers that have not undergone fabrication yet.
 16. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the comparing comprises calculating a cosinesimilarity.
 17. A system, comprising: a non-transitory memory; and oneor more hardware processors coupled to the non-transitory memory andconfigured to read instructions from the non-transitory memory to causethe system to perform operations comprising: accessing wafer defectinformation of a first wafer that has undergone semiconductorfabrication; identifying, based on the accessing of the wafer defectinformation, one or more first regions of interest (ROIs) that containone or more same defects as one another; and determining a firstcharacteristic that is common to all the first ROIs; examining anintegrated circuit (IC) design layout of the first wafer at least inpart using the first characteristic; and forecasting, based on theexamining, a defect for one or more second wafers if the one or moresecond wafers are fabricated according to the IC design layout.
 18. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein the IC design layout includes a plurality ofsecond ROIs, and wherein the examining comprises examining each of thesecond ROIs using the first characteristic.
 19. The system of claim 17,wherein the determining the first characteristic comprises determining afrequency domain characteristic.
 20. The system of claim 19, wherein thedetermining the frequency domain characteristic further comprises:performing a Fourier Transform to the first ROIs.